Reference Forms describes the syntax for specifying an object or group of objects in an application or other container. The following chapters provide reference for the AppleScript Language:Ĭlass Reference describes the classes AppleScript defines for common objects used in scripts.Ĭommands Reference describes the commands that are available to any script. Script Objects describes how to define, initialize, send commands to, and use inheritance with script objects.Ībout Handlers provides information on using handlers (a type of function available in AppleScript) to factor and reuse code. Variables and Properties describes common issues in working with variables and properties, including how to declare them and how AppleScript interprets their scope. The first five chapters introduce components of the language and basic concepts for using it, then provide additional overview on working with script objects and handler routines:ĪppleScript Lexical Conventions describes the characters, symbols, keywords, and other language elements that make up statements in an AppleScript script.ĪppleScript Fundamentals describes basic concepts that underly the terminology and rules covered in the rest of this guide. This guide describes the AppleScript language in a series of chapters and appendixes. You should use this document if you write or modify AppleScript scripts, or if you create scriptable applications and need to know how scripts should work.ĪppleScript Language Guide assumes you are familiar with the high-level information about AppleScript found in AppleScript Overview. Most script samples and script fragments in this guide use scriptable features of the Finder application, scriptable parts of macOS, or scriptable applications distributed with macOS, such as TextEdit (located in /Applications). (Apple events can also be sent directly from other applications and macOS.)ĪppleScript itself provides a very small number of commands, but it provides a framework into which you can plug many task-specific commands-those provided by scriptable applications and scriptable parts of macOS. For AppleScript, that means being responsive to interapplication messages, called Apple events, sent when a script command targets the application. For more information, see Automator Documentation.Ī scriptable application is one that can be controlled by a script. To keep yourself safe from such malware, make sure that you only download apps from trustworthy sources.Note: Apple also provides the Automator application, which allows users to automate common tasks by hooking together ready-made actions in a graphical environment. Now that OSAMiner has been detected and its complex architecture has been reverse engineered, it will help other researchers in finding any other hidden “run only” AppleScript malware. In the event that other threat actors begin picking up on the utility of leveraging run-only AppleScripts, we hope this research and the tools discussed above will prove to be of use to analysts. In this case, we have not seen the actor use any of the more powerful features of AppleScript that we’ve discussed elsewhere, but that is an attack vector that remains wide open and which many defensive tools are not equipped to handle. Run-only AppleScripts are surprisingly rare in the macOS malware world, but both the longevity of and the lack of attention to the macOS.OSAMiner campaign, which has likely been running for at least 5 years, shows exactly how powerful run-only AppleScripts can be for evasion and anti-analysis. SentinelOne noted that run-only AppleScripts are rarely used for macOS malware, but OSAMiner showed that they are incredibly powerful for malicious intents and can be used to remain hidden from detection: These “run-only” AppleScripts made it easier for OSAMiner to avoid detection over the years. When users downloaded the affected apps, an AppleScript would be downloaded which would run a second AppleScript, which would, in turn, download the third AppleScript. The malware has also evolved recently and has primarily targeted users in China and Asia-Pacific. OSAMiner has been active since 2015, secretly mining cryptocurrency on affected Macs. OSAMiner has been secretly mining cryptocurrency on affected Macs AppleCare+ cost and coverage for iPhone, iPad, Mac, Apple Watch, and other devices
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